Collection and preservation of urine for analytical testing
must follow a carefully prescribed procedure to ensure valid results. Laboratory testing of urine generally falls
under three categories, example, chemical, bacteriologic, and microscopic examination. There are also three kinds
of collection for urine specimens, first random, second timed, and third 24-hour total volume. Random specimens may [...]

Indwelling catheters such as central venous lines provide
ready access to the patient circulation, eliminating multiple phlebotomies, and are especially useful in critical
care and surgical situations. Arterial catheters most often are placed in the radial artery. Indwelling catheters
are surgically inserted in the cephalic vein or internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral veins and positioned. [...]

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Lumbar punctures
LPs are performed to collect cerebrospinal fluid CSF that may be evaluated in the laboratory to establish a
diagnosis of infection bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, or amebic meningitis, malignancy, subarachnoid hemorrhage,
multiple sclerosis, or demyelinating disorders using medical microscopes. A serious complication of an LP is
cerebellar tonsillar herniation in patients with [...]